Country Details
Poland
Central Europe, east of Germany
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People and Society
Detailed information and insights
Population
Total
38,746,310 (2024 est.)
Male
18,441,415
Female
20,304,895
Nationality
Noun
Pole(s)
Adjective
Polish
Ethnic groups
Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)
Note
note: represents ethnicity declared first
Languages
Languages
Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2% (2011 est.)
Major-language sample(s)
Księga Faktów Świata, niezbędne źródło podstawowych informacji. (Polish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Roman Catholic 70.7%, refused to answer 20.9%, no religion 6.9%; less than 1 percent: Orthodox, Jehovah Witness, Evangelic of Augsburg, Greek Catholic, Pentecostal, other Protestant, not stated, old Catholic Mariavite Church, other Christians, Islam, Buddhist, Polish Catholic Church, other, Baptist Union of Poland, Pagan, Seventh Day Adventist, Hindu, other Catholic (2021 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
14.2% (male 2,830,048/female 2,676,300)
15-64 years
65.9% (male 12,513,402/female 13,036,977)
65 years and over
19.8% (2024 est.) (male 3,097,965/female 4,591,618)
Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio
51.6 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio
21.6 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio
30.1 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio
3.3 (2024 est.)
Median age
Total
43.4 years (2025 est.)
Male
41.5 years
Female
44.3 years
Population growth rate
-0.98% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
8.03 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
11.56 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
-6.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk
Urbanization
Urban population
60.2% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization
-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.798 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow (2023)
Sex ratio
At birth
1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over
0.67 male(s)/female
Total population
0.91 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
27.9 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
2 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate
Total
4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Male
5.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Female
4.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
Total population
76.7 years (2024 est.)
Male
72.8 years
Female
80.9 years
Total fertility rate
1.33 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.65 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
Improved: urban
urban: 95.8% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: rural
rural: 82.2% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total
total: 90.4% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban
urban: 4.2% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural
rural: 17.8% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total
total: 9.6% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.7% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.03 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density
6.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access
Improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita
Total
10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Beer
5.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine
0.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits
4.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
Total
21.6% (2025 est.)
Male
25.6% (2025 est.)
Female
17.8% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
0.7% (2019 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
58.6% (2021 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
10% national budget (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Total
17 years (2023 est.)
Male
16 years (2023 est.)
Female
18 years (2023 est.)