Poland

Polish Space Agency (POLSA; established 2014; operational in 2015) (2025)

builds satellites, including nano/cube remote sensing (RS) and scientific/technology satellites; researches and develops communications, RS, navigational, and other scientific applications for satellite payloads; creating infrastructure for data from meteorological and environmental satellites; researches and develops other space-related technologies, including sensors and robotic probes for interplanetary landers, and launcher systems; space program is integrated with the ESA and the EU; participates in a variety of ESA/EU and international programs; cooperates with a variety of other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, Canada, China, ESA/EU member states (particularly France, Germany, Italy), India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, UK, and the US; has a commercial space sector with more than 300 active enterprises (2025)

1978 - first Polish astronaut in space on Soviet spacecraft

1991 - began cooperating with the ESA

1994 - began participating in Russia's Koronas solar research missions 

2012 - joined ESA; first domestically built scientific nanosatellite (PW-Sat) launched on European rocket

2021 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for lunar and space exploration

2024 - successfully launched domestically developed experimental suborbital rocket (ILR-33 Amber 2K) to altitude of 101 kms

2025 - first Polish astronaut and scientific mission on International Space Station